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Introduction: A fundamental concept in classical endocrinology has been that each hormone is synthesized in one highly differentiated and accurately regulated cell type. Vice versa, it was assumed that such highly differentiated endocrine cells synthesize only one sort of hormone. Ectopic synthesis of peptide hormones in tumours originating from other cells has accordingly been supposed to reflect failing transcriptional control in less differentiated neoplastic cells. Since the late 1970s these concepts have been challenged by the discovery that the same peptide hormone was synthesized in different types of cells in different tissues. Best known is probably the dual synthesis in neurones and different endocrine cells (for reviews see Krieger, 1983; Krieger, Brownstein & Martin, 1983). Moreover, several immunocytochemical studies in the last decade have suggested that hormonal peptides encoded by different genes are often synthesized together in the same neurone or endocrine cell, i.e. the coexistence phenomenon (for reviews see

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